For many Estonians, the idea to erect a central monument to the War of Independence has become a hotly disputed issue.
The monument design -- a cross atop a tall glass obelisk -- appears to be the main bone of contention and the rhetoric, at least from Estonia's notoriously active Internet commentators, has become increasingly strident.
Do you believe that it's an idea whose time (tick tock, tick tock) has come, and that Tallinn needs a centrepiece to the fight for independence, which anyone in their right mind agrees is a sacred thing?
Or are you a pinko sots with artistic leanings who doesn't want a high-rise tombstone? Maybe you're a pagan?
You can vote your preference in my poll to the right, which is less loaded -- a simple anonymous yes or no.
***
My take? Personally, I'm just happy Freedom Square will no longer be a parking lot. But the price tag does seem a bit high. In the end, I voted "for".
Some of the comments so far: Prime Minister Andrus Ansip, who may be unimpressive but is ever vocal on the subject of monuments and sports, has chimed in, saying that to not put up the monument would be like postponing the Olympics.
Some supporters make good common-sense points, noting that it's not the designers' fault that the most pre-eminent symbol of the War of Independence is the cross, and putting an armoured train (which helped win the war) on a pedestal would not be very aesthetic.
Opponents point out the price tag (US $7-10 million); deride it as un-European, by which I think they mean anachronistic; and say the monument will not suit the historical integrity of its surroundings.
77 comments:
Apropos of nothing, it is quite simply, ugly.
Yeah.
Apropos of something, maybe you are ugly. I like the cross as it reminds me of the crucifiction. That was a high point in the Christian epic. It was a big comeback. Who doesn't want a big comeback?
Poolt! Kaks kätt püsti!
The Vabadusrist is to Estos a recognizable symbol of what was surely the zenith of our long and troubled history. It's associated in my mind too with memories of the men who wore it, and a splendid breed they were. Countless times I had occasion to sit at table with several of them. I have particularly fond memories of LtCol Jaan Unt, who had two (VR I/2 and VR II/3). Jaan Unt took over command of the Kuperjanov Btn upon Kuperjanov's death and led it until the conclusion of the War.
One cannot do national symbols or memorials on the cheap, lest by doing so we devalue our collective view of the nation's history.
The quibble of 'anachronism' does not apply to historical monuments, which are not intended as statements of art nouveau but as emblematic declarations.
Time is of the essence too. Even when destroyed by hostile hands, such symbols live on in collective memory and photographs, to serve as foci of national will, to be recreated and replicated when occasion demands.
Karla: It's true -- this cross isn't just any symbol, nor has it been devalued in recent times. They only gave them out until the mid-1920s, right? Some people may just be ignorant about the whole thing.
I certainly don't see what's so bad about a cenotaph. Why are people squeamish? How is a tribute to the dead eerie in any way?
The only thing we were against, I thought, was actual graves in the middle of town. Now that is truly not fitting or European.
I do understand the artists' side -- they want to make a clean break; they've had it up to here with memory this, memoriam that. They worry that others will come to a snap judgment -- some tourist won't know the backstory, they'll just see what looks sort of like an Iron cross and think of empires and Axis forces. I suppose.
Something needs to be done with the budget and the obelisk part of it, though. I hope it isn't illuminated as it appears from the mock-up?
Rowdy Raivo:, better take that runover rowdiness down to Suur-Karja or something.
Everybody: What, no anonymous votes? :)
That is, I hope it isn't illuminated from the inside, Luke Skywalker style, as it appears from the pic.
Karla: It's true -- this cross isn't just any symbol, nor has it been devalued in recent times. They only gave them out until the mid-1920s,
right? Some people may just be ignorant about the whole thing.
Quite right. Last one was awarded in June 1925. Last bearer of the VR was Karl Jaanus, who died in 2000.
I certainly don't see what's so bad about a cenotaph. Why are people squeamish? How is a tribute to the dead eerie in any way?
Here's the thing: it need not be regarded as a cenotaph at all. The VR is simply the most venerable and recognizable symbol of Free Estonian statehood which we possess. During dark times in exile, it took on the same emblematic significance as did the French Cross of Lorraine during the German occupation of WW2, and adorned book covers, concert programs and objets d'art. The mailed arm with sword encircling the stylized E in the centre has also been used as a separate Esto identifier.
Our other symbols of state heraldry are simply not suitable for a monument. A suitsupääsuke atop an obelisk would bewilder amorous pigeons, and a rukkilill would look like a kure pesa. I've conferred with others: none can suggest a single, distinctive, readily identifiable symbol which tops the design of Nikolai Triik's VR. It's simply graphic shorthand, if you will, which reads "1918" in large bold type.
I do understand the artists' side -- they want to make a clean break; they've had it up to here with memory this, memoriam that.
With the profoundest respect for creative freedom and artistic licence, this is not a make-work project or an industrial-design competition. It is precisely about collective memory, national memory, history. About Freedom. The artist's personality takes second place to that. Our own Triik was a master; he could have fashioned a fancier medal. Akseli Gallen-Kallela was prodigiously creative, yet the Finnish Cross of Liberty he drew has lines as clean, simple and traditional as our own VR.
Since Sarko isn't about to present us with another Lady Liberty (whatever ladies or liberties he may give or take elsewhere), and since we can't very well ask Carmen Kass to turn pole-sitter... OK, OK, sorry about turning frivolous there for a sec.... Well, the artists will just have to bow to tradition. Hell, otherwise we'd just save a few kroons and put up one hell of a purskkaev -- fountains of Versailles replica, Fontana di Trevi, or just a big duck pond.
They worry that others will come to a snap judgment -- some tourist won't know the backstory, they'll just see what looks sort of like an Iron cross and think of empires and Axis forces. I suppose.
Yes, I've heard that 'argument,' which strikes me as an incredible stretch of the imagination. Insane. Absurd. One would have to be blind, drunk, stupid -- or all three -- to see anything remotely like that. While it's not impossible that such a beholder might be found, one cannot reckon with his perspective. Really.
The straight arms tipped with T's remove our VR totally from the Maltese Cross or the Cross Patinée categories by a country mile.
Much closer to a Maltese design are, for example, the Victoria Cross, the Military Cross and the Distinguished Service Order (British Commonwealth); the Orders of St George, St Vladimir and St Anne (Imperial Russia - incidentally, our own Julius Kuperjanov wore all three, though his VR was sadly posthumous); the French Croix de Guerre. Virtually every country on the globe has employed variants on the Maltese or croix patinée designs.
Gee, it just occurred to me: Canada's own General Raymond Henault, Chairman of NATO's Military Committee, must have been in dire peril whilst visiting Tallinn last summer. He wears the Canadian Order of Military Merit, a decoration initiated in 1972. It's jokingly called the "Blue Max" by CAF personnel, because it resembles the Imperial German Pour le Mérite (as worn by George Peppard in an old movie called 'The Blue Max' in which he played a Richthofen-type aviator). The OMM is a true Maltese cross in blue enamel. Oh, the cross is universal, and OFTEN in the traditional Maltese configuration (including a bravery award to NYC firefighters, I believe).
Sure, there's no battling blind prejudice, but OUR Vabadusrist looks about as much like the Iron Cross as Savisaar looks like Carmen Kass. (Haven't seen him in the altogether, mind you... Note to self: expunge that image from mind now, and REFORMAT hard disk!
Anticipating (perhaps not?) another goofy objection, that any 'cross' design implies religious affiliation, it should be noted that quite a number of non-Christian nations have used the cross design as a basis for state symbols and emblems. What comes to mind is the Japanese Order of the Sacred Treasure (still active), which in its 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th grades appears in the form of a white Maltese cross (this in a nation where Shintoism is the state religion, and where the 'Sacred' of the medal refers to the Emperor, who is supposedly the only one who knows WHAT the Sacred Treasure is. Oh, the WW2 Japanese Wound Medal, equivalent to the US Purple Heart, is also a modified Maltese Cross.
I hope it isn't illuminated as it appears from the mock-up?
Perhaps not... But who knows? Illumination, certainly strong external illumination, is very effective. Washington Monument? Lincoln? The Cenotaph in Ottawa? L'Arc de Triomphe? Branderburger Tor? To save energy, we could kill the lights and have Eddie S roar about the obelisk with a strobe light strapped to the top of his head, powered by a wee generator running off the wheel of his unicycle. (Reformat! Reformat!)
That venerable VR was worn not just by the heroes of 1918-1920, but by a number of distinguished foreigners who supported the founding of the Republic in 1918, among them...
Albert I of Belgium VR I/1
Janis Balodis VR I/1
Admiral Sir David Beatty, 1st Earl Beatty VR I/1
PM Stanley Baldwin, 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley VR III/1
Arthur Balfour, 1st Earl of Balfour VR III/1
Aristide Briand VR III/1
William Clive Bridgeman, 1st Viscount Bridgeman VR III/1
Frederick Lambart, 10th Earl of Cavan VR I/1
Robert Cecil, 1st Viscount Cecil of Chelwood VR III/1
Sir Austen Chamberlain VR III/1
Christian X of Denmark VR I/1
Sir Otto Von Bismarck VR I/1
Georges Clemenceau VR III/1
Admiral Walter Cowan VR I/1
Gaston Doumergue VR III/1
Eric Drummond, 16th Earl of Perth VR III/1
Carl Enckell VR III/1
Rafael Erich VR III/1
The Rt. Hon. Herbert Fisher VR III/1
Maréchal Ferdinand Foch VR I/1
Pietro Gasparri VR III/1
George V of the United Kingdom VR I/1
General Sir Hubert Gough VR I/1
Gustav V of Sweden VR III/1
Field Marshal Douglas Haig, 1st Earl Haig VR I/1
Sir John Hanbury-Williams VR III/1
Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst VR III/1
Esme Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Penrith VR III/1
Kyösti Kallio VR III/1 and I/2
David Lloyd George, 1st Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor VR III/1
Paul Painlevé VR III/1
Eric Drummond, 7th Earl of Perth VR III/1
Marshal Józef Pilsudski VR I/1 and III/1
Conte Carlo Sforza VR III/1
Wladyslaw Sikorski VR III/1
William George Tyrrell, 1st Baron Tyrrell VR III/1
Karlis Ulmanis VR III/1
Victor Emmanuel III of Italy VR III/1
Rosslyn Erskine-Wemyss, 1st Baron Wester Wemyss VR I/1
The VR was also bestowed on three dead men and an entire city:
The British Unknown Warrior VR I/1
the French Unknown Soldier VR I/1
The Italian Unknown Soldier VR I/1
The city of Verdun VR I/1
It's all so very boring, though. Look, I love a good bit of symbolism as much as the next person, but there's such a thing as dramatic flair.
We could have yet another cross sitting on the top of yet another cenotaph/monolith/whatever, or we could go for something with a bit of personality. A figure, for example.
Sure, there are lot's of statues of figures in the world, so it wouldn't be "unique" in that regard, but they have a recognisability and personality that puts them a little ahead of other, more uniform symbols. The look on their face, they way they stand, the things they hold - these things all add a stamp that a simple cross-on-a-cenotaph can't quite match.
Imagine if, instead of the Vabadusrist sitting all by itself on the top of a column (be it a column of 'light' or otherwise), it was at the top of a staff being held by a young woman (a symbol for 'liberty' for many hundreds of years). Imagine if this young woman's other arm was outstretched, and a barn swallow (Estonia's national bird) was alighting on, taking flight from or sitting peacefully on her hand (each movement would have a different symbolic interpretation), and there was a garland of Estonian wild flowers in her hair.
That's something that would be instantly recognisable the world over. That's the sort of thing that would become synonymous with the country - the sort of thing that would earn a variety of unofficial names and inspire poetry from generations of Estonians and others. People visiting Estonia on tours would stop by the Freedom Square to take photos of "Freedom's Daughter" or "Estonian Liberty" or whatever the world might end up calling it. Future invading armies would make a point of knocking her down, and songs would be written about the fall of "Freedom's Daughter". Her image would be something easily recognisable the world over without anyone having to look too closely to tell the differences between her an any other number of similar monuments.
You don't quite get the same level of connection with a cross that you do with a face. That's why there are thousands of "freedom's crosses" all over the world that no one really notices, but there are statues in parks that draw locals and tourists alike.
Symbolism and personality. A bit of dramatic flair. That's what we need here.
Playing with national symbols is a dangerous game. ANY Estonian who lived through the Soviet Union should understand this, but obviously judging from the response to the "cross of freedom", history is about to repeat itself. This is 2008 people, not 1928. If there is anything to be learned from the past it is that the plight and manipulation of symbols for national aims can only lead down the path of self destruction.
Estonia has its freedom and with that freedom comes the will of the people. Isn't your freedom enough of a fact to give respect for those who gave their lives in the struggle for independence? Is your will to abuse that freedom and allow politicians to dwell on selfish games centered on so called "national identity".
Please, invest that pathetically large sum of money on something of lasting human value like teachers and educational programs to enlighten people and our youth on the mistakes of the past rather than nationalist propaganda that will insure a dangerously uncertain future.
WTF? My breasts leak whenever I hear a baby cry. Is this normal?
;)=
"We may live without her, and worship without her, but we cannot remember without her. How cold is all history, how lifeless all imagery, compared to that which the living nation writes, and the uncorrupted marble bears!"
-John Ruskin
1819-1900
Let us reform our schools, and we shall find little reform needed in our prisons.
-John Ruskin, Unto This Last(1862)
Fine, agreed, but aren't we mixing apples and oranges? Ruskin was first and foremost an art critic, and his allusion to 'marble' has to do with the monuments and architecture which he sees as being at the heart of a culture.
Educational and correctional reforms are a separate issue, and not the topic of the post we're commenting on. Let's not muddle issues with 'whataboutism,' lest we find ourselves talking about upgrading sewer-pipes and potholes as well.
Sharon:
It is a tempting idea to use this opportunity (I mean, if you had $10million burning a hole in your pocket) to establish an iconic human symbol for Estonia.
The cross does seem a little static next to a Lady Liberty, in other words.
Part of it may be that we lack something like a Little Mermaid or Manneken Pis. But not a bad idea. Perhaps Lady Liberty could be depicted bestowing Triik's cross in some manner to keep everyone happy.
Krai: Long having been a believer that we should keep it real, I can see your point, too, but I would strongly protest against the notion that there is any danger here or that Estonian nationalism is sinister or selfish in any way -- this is the land of the singing revolution, after all. Estonians aren't the type to rally (or even drink vodka in uniform) at monuments, for one thing.
No need to 'invent' a new lady in bronze or marble. We have Linda, in Hirvepark, who weeps for her Kalev - and countless others - in a setting enshrined in myth as well as living memory.
I can't figure out the hydrodynamics, though, of how those tears are channelled up to Ülemiste järv... ;-)
I'm of course reading the more extreme signs in this debate, the fact that friends names were placed on the "supporters list" without their consent. When they tried to find who runs the website all responsibility was denied. Finally some phone calls and pushing in the EPL comments made someone add an anonymous email. If everyone should be proud of this and exercise their "freedom" then why toe complete lack of transparency?
I'm not against monuments per se but more the manipulations of symbols. I see a big split here between having a war memorial for people who fought for freedom and a general symbol of freedom.
Personally I'm more than happy that they'll get rid of that parking lot.
Hirvepark is a relevant and beautiful place, if out of the way. Linda needs to be touted, then -- this number of hits is shameful compared to this.
Krai said...
I'm of course reading the more extreme signs in this debate, the fact that friends names were placed on the "supporters list" without their consent. When they tried to find who runs the website all responsibility was denied. Finally some phone calls and pushing in the EPL comments made someone add an anonymous email. If everyone should be proud of this and exercise their "freedom" then why toe complete lack of transparency?
This sort of fuss-and-feathers over controversial projects in actually very common. I've seen it, having lived in a few places, and I've also had occasion to sign many petitions. On a couple of occcasions, the SAME petition more than once - simply because the young lady collecting signatures asked nicely. (Full disclosure: Since I'm out of country right now, I have not signed anything online or elsewhere in connection with this monument, though if I were resident I surely would have.)
Transparency? Difficult enough in the formal electoral process. Since public petitions do not carry the weight of law and are conducted on an ad-hoc basis, they have roughly the same impact as telephone polls, TV-studio applause meters, etc., as 'cheering sections' to lend hype to the debate. On the other hand, if every major government project were subjected to full formal referenda or plebiscite, in any country, little would get done, and many subsequently praised endeavors would have remained unaccomplished.
Canada's adoption of its present flag in 1965 was fraught with immense controversy. Many - especially veterans of two World Wars who had fought under the old Red Ensign - opposed any change. A majority felt the Ensign, with a small Union Jack in one corner and the Royal Arms displayed in the centre, was redolent of Canada's onetime colonial status. Quebeckers wanted the flag to be predominantly blue, as to some of them red was a 'British' color. Some Quebeckers wanted the old royal French fleur-de-lys in pride of place. A retrogressive rump of monarchists even fought for a return to the Union Jack of Britain.
Countless designs were proposed and rejected - and many were outright silly. One popular but tasteless cartoonist published his own design, which inflamed the controversy further. Canada then comprised ten provinces, and the cartoonist drew a flag displaying nine beavers standing in a circle pissing on an unhappy frog, obviously meant to offend the Québécois (it did!).
Finally, working silently in back rooms, with heavy input from historian George Stanley, wiser heads prevailed, and the present readily recognizable single maple leaf on a whie field flanked by red bars emerged as the consensual favorite. Many rumbled for a few years, calling it 'Pearson's flag' after the PM of the day who rammed the decision through. But it didn't take long for the overwhelming majority to clasp the flag to their bosoms. Today, it's simply the 'Canadian flag.' The Union Jack is flown as the sovereign's flag on certain occasions, just as in Estonia the Presidendi lipp.
I'm not against monuments per se but more the manipulations of symbols. I see a big split here between having a war memorial for people who fought for freedom and a general symbol of freedom.
I don't see how using a time-hallowed symbol which speaks to a majority of the people is 'manipulation.'
Kristopher suggested, earlier in the thread, that there's nothing really wrong about having a Cenotaph as a monumental centrepiece. And I suggested that the symbol need not be perceived as just a cenotaph. But Kris was right. Many countries employ what is essentially a cenotaph as a national memorial. Visiting heads of state and other dignitaries, obeying universal protocol, need a fitting place to pay tribute to their host country. A memorial commemorating a significant sacrifice to the founding of the country provides such a setting: e.g., the Cenotaph in Ottawa, the Tomb of the Unknown in Paris. Laying wreaths at the quite splendid Reaalkooli monument in lieu of a national memorial has been by default an uncomfortably stop-gap exercise.
Commemorating the founding of the Estonian Republic with some abstract artistic creation would be a fatuous contrivance.
Like it or not, the Estonian Republic had its inception in the War of Liberation of 1918-1920. The Proclamation of Independence on 24 Feb 1918 was followed by an Imperial German occupation on the following day. Withdrawal of the German forces was immediatly followed by an invasion by Bolshevik forces crossing the Narva River on 28 November the same year. They were resisted. And the War of Liberation had begun.
As Visnapuu wrote, "Sa sündisid tules ja tuhas, mu murelik Maarjamaa..." The War was the THE germinal, pivotal, formative event, the sine qua non of Estonian statehood and freedom. Absolutely central. Not for naught is the Washington Memorial physically central and taller than anything else in downtown Washington. Let's remember, long before he became president (with some demur and initial reluctance), he was a general; symbolically, he WAS the Continental Army. And there's a reason why in Britain, where magnificent monuments to scores of monarchs dot the land, Nelson's column in Trafalgar score is taller than any of them. Nelson saved the Brits' bacon (and beef, and kippers...) at a time when Nappy was perceived as the bully of Europe. Esto schoolboys and KL volunteers saved our kaerapuder and herring, and the embryonic Republic, when "taevaleek oli tuhas ja nões."
What more central event deserves commemoration as a critical and triumphant moment in time? One cannot begin to equate the Restoration of 1991 in symbolic terms, simply because - while supremely important - 1991 WAS a restoration. It was a restoration of the state conceived in 1918 and which the vast majority of other nations (I can, when pressed, recite some 35 major democracies from memory) which had never ceased to recognize as the sole and legitimate Republic of Estonia.
That such memorials should be paid for in public funds is right and fitting. Let us remember: countless other memorials across the land which were demolished, removed or vandalized have been restored largely by NGOs with non-public funds and private subscriptions, sometimes supplemented by local authorities. The erection of a central national memorial, after long delay, ought not become a charity event, nor a bunfight over petitions.
Yes, I do see it as pretty much a black-and-white issue. SORRY... BLUE, black and white!
;)
Personally I'm more than happy that they'll get rid of that parking lot.
AMEN to that. Me too....
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